To be effective, RNA vaccines require both in situ translation and the induction of an immune response to recruit cells to the site of immunization.These factors can pull in opposite directions with the inflammation reducing expression of the vaccine antigen.We investigated how formulation affects the acute systemic cytokine response to a self-ampl
This report describes a case Wales Tug of War Association of hind limb lameness associated with intra-abdominal torsion of a neoplastic testicle in a dog.An 11-year-old, male, bilaterally cryptorchid dog was referred for third degree lameness in the left hind limb.An orthopaedic and radiographic examination did not reveal any alteration in the limb
Before encapsulation of spent nuclear fuel in a geological repository, the fuels need to be verified for safeguards purposes.This requirement applies to all spent fuel assemblies, including those with properties or designs that are especially challenging to verify.One such example are quivers, a new type of containers used to hold damaged spent fue
Insect antiviral immunity primarily relies on RNAi mechanisms.While a key role of small interfering (si)RNAs and AGO proteins has been well established in this regard, the situation for PIWI proteins Wales Tug of War Association and PIWI-interacting (pi)RNAs is not as clear.In the present study, we investigate whether PIWI proteins and viral piRNAs